ECONOMIST:ThebitterdisputeoverAfrica’slargestdam
经济学人:关于非洲最大水坝的激烈争论
Egypt,EthiopiaandSudanarestrugglingtosharewater
埃及、埃塞俄比亚和苏丹正在努力分享水资源
Forbiruknegafh,asformillionsofEthiopians,thesummerrainsmaybringtheclimaxofadecade’swork.Asahigh-schoolstudentinhebought-birrbonds(thenworth$6each)tohelpfinancetheGrandEthiopianRenaissanceDam,agiantedificethatwouldspantheBlueNile,themaintributaryoftheNileriver(seemap).Atuniversityhedonatedtofundraisersfortheproject.Now,likealmostallEthiopians,heeagerlyawaitstheday—perhapsweeksaway—whenEthiopiabeginstofillthereservoir.“It’sanationalvictory,”hesays.
对于biruknegafh以及数百万的埃塞俄比亚人来说,夏天的降雨可能会带来十年来的高潮。年,作为一名高中生,他购买了比尔的债券(当时价值6美元),以资助埃塞俄比亚大复兴水坝,这是一座横跨尼罗河主要支流蓝色尼罗河的巨型大坝(参见地图)。在大学期间,他为该项目的募捐人捐款。现在,与几乎所有埃塞俄比亚人一样,他急切地等待着埃塞俄比亚开始注满水库的那一天(也许是几周后)。他说:“这是全国性的胜利。”
Halfacenturyinthemaking,thehydro-electricdamisAfrica’slargest,withareservoirabletohold74bncubicmetresofwater,morethanthevolumeoftheentireBlueNile.Oncefilleditshouldproduce6,megawattsofelectricity,doubleEthiopia’scurrentpowersupply.Millionsofpeoplecouldbeconnectedtothegridforthefirsttime.Morethananengineeringproject,itisasourceofnationalpride.
经过半个世纪的酝酿,这座水电站大坝成为非洲最大的水电站,水库蓄水能力达到亿立方米,超过了整个青尼罗河的水量。一旦填满,它将产生6兆瓦的电力,是埃塞俄比亚目前电力供应的两倍。数百万人第一次可以接入电网。不仅仅是一个工程项目,它还是民族自豪感的源泉。
ForEgypt,however,itseemsasourceofnationaldanger.Over90%ofthecountry’smpeoplelivealongtheNileorinitsvastdelta.Theriver,longseenasanEgyptianbirthright,suppliesmostoftheirwater.Theyfearthedamwillchokeitoff.Pro-regimepundits,notknownfortheirsubtlety,haveurgedthearmytoblowitup.
然而,对埃及来说,这似乎是国家危险的来源。该国1亿人口的90%以上生活在尼罗河沿岸或其广阔的三角洲。这条河长期以来被视为埃及人与生俱来的权利,为他们提供了大部分水源。他们担心大坝会把它堵死。不为人知的亲政权专家敦促军队将其炸掉。
Bothsideshavetrieddiplomacy,butyearsoftalksfailedtoproduceadealonhowEthiopiawouldfillandoperatethedam.TheAfricanUniontriedtomediate,asdidAmericaearlierthisyear.Nowadeadlinelooms:Ethiopiawantstostartfillingthereservoirduringthissummer’srainyseason.OnJune26th,afteranotherroundoftalks,Egypt,EthiopiaandSudanpledgedtoreachadealwithintwoweeks.Ethiopiaagreednottostartfillingthedamduringthatperiod.
双方都尝试过外交手段,但多年的谈判未能就埃塞俄比亚如何填筑和运营大坝达成协议。非洲联盟试图进行调解,今年早些时候美国也是如此。现在,最后期限即将到来:埃塞俄比亚希望在今年夏天的雨季开始蓄水。6月26日,在又一轮会谈后,埃及、埃塞俄比亚和苏丹承诺在两周内达成协议。埃塞俄比亚同意在此期间不开始填充大坝。
Diplomatssaymostoftheissuesareresolved.Buttheoutstandingoneisbig:howtohandleadrought.EgyptwantsEthiopiatopromisetoreleasecertainamountsofwatertotopuptheNile.ButEthiopiaislothto“owe”watertodownstreamcountriesortodrainthereservoirsomuchthatelectricoutputsuffers.Itwantsabroaderdealbetweenallriparianstates,includingthoseontheWhiteNile,whichflowsoutofLakeVictoriadownthroughUgandaandSudan.
外交官称大多数问题已经解决。但最突出的一点是:如何应对干旱。埃及希望埃塞俄比亚承诺释放一定量的水来注满尼罗河。但是埃塞俄比亚不愿意把水“欠”给下游国家,也不愿意把水库排干到电力输出受损的程度。它希望所有河岸州之间达成更广泛的协议,包括白尼罗河沿岸的州,白尼罗河从维多利亚湖流经乌干达和苏丹。
EveniftalksfailandEthiopiastartsfillingwithoutadeal,Egyptianswillnotfindtheirtapsdry.ThereisenoughwaterinthereservoirbehindEgypt’sAswanHighDamtomakeupforanyshortfallthisyear.Butthemoodinbothcountriesistoxic.EgyptianshavecastEthiopiaasathiefbentondryinguptheircountry.InEthiopia,meanwhile,Egyptisportrayedasaneocolonialpowertramplingonnationalsovereignty.Theout
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